Introduction to Science

I. Etymology and Definition of Science

  • Origin: Latin word "Scientia" meaning "to know"
  • Definition: Study of physical nature and its aspects
  • Key components: Imagination, experimentation, deduction

II. Development of Scientific Knowledge

  • Methods: Experiments, observations, trials
  • Focus: Surrounding matters

III. Classification of Science

Two main branches:

  • Physical Sciences
  • Biological Sciences

IV. Biological Sciences

Definition: Study of life

Branches:

  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Genetics
  • Medicine

V. Physical Sciences

Definition: Study of non-living objects

Major branches:

  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Geology
  • Geography

VI. Focus of the Book

Impact of physics on life and career

Example: The Scientific Method

  1. Observe a phenomenon
  2. Formulate a hypothesis
  3. Design and conduct experiments
  4. Analyze data
  5. Draw conclusions
  6. Publish results

This process illustrates how scientific knowledge is developed through a systematic approach, combining the key components of imagination, experimentation, and deduction.

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICS

1. Scope of Physics

  • Covers everything in our surroundings
  • Ranges from atoms to galaxies
  • Includes natural and artificial phenomena

2. Applications in Daily Life

  • Cell phones: GPS, location services
  • Aviation: GPS for navigation
  • Maritime: GPS for ships

3. Nature of Science and Physics

  • Definition: Study of matter, energy, space, time, and their interactions
  • Objective: Understand the physical world through theories based on observations and experiments

4. Examples of Physics in Action

  • Aviation: Pressure difference for lift (similar principle used by birds)
  • Thermal Insulation: Bird feathers as insulation
  • Atmospheric Phenomena: Blue sky due to light scattering
  • Climate Moderation: Large water bodies moderate nearby climates
  • Vehicles: Energy conversion from chemical to kinetic
  • Marine Vessels: Submarines and ships use principle of floatation
  • Communications: Cell phones use electromagnetic waves

5. Role of Physicists

  • Specialize in physics research
  • Conduct theoretical and experimental research
  • Develop mathematical formulas to explain physical phenomena

6. Evolution of Physics

  • Example: Newton's laws of motion
    • Used for rocket design
    • Limited at high speeds
  • Einstein's theory of relativity
    • More accurate at speeds approaching light
    • Consistent with Newton's laws at lower speeds

7. Collaborative Nature of Science

  • Interdisciplinary research
  • Sharing and critiquing of ideas