| Central Processing Unit (CPU) | Core component executing instructions | ALU, Control Unit, Registers (MAR, MDR, AC, PC, CIR), L1 Cache, L2 Cache |
| Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) | Performs arithmetic and logical operations | Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparisons, bitwise operations |
| Control Unit (CU) | Orchestrates overall operation | Controls ALU, manages memory operations, coordinates I/O operations, provides timing and control signals |
| Buses | Communication pathways | Address Bus, Data Bus, Control Bus |
| Memory Unit | Stores data and instructions | RAM, Cache Memory |
| Input/Output (I/O) Controller | Manages data flow between CPU and external devices | Handles data transfers and command executions for peripherals |