SOLUTION

PlantUML DiagramSolute Solvent Solution Image

Solution

I. Solution

A. Definition

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

B. Key characteristics:

  • 1. One substance dissolved in another
  • 2. No visible particles of different substances
  • 3. Uniform appearance

C. Components:

  • 1. Solute: Substance that is dissolved
  • 2. Solvent: Substance in which solute is dissolved

D. Particle size:

Microscopic ( 1 nm in diameter).

E. Stability:

Very stable, solute doesn't separate from solvent.

II. Types of Solutions (based on physical states)

  • A. Gaseous solutions
  • B. Liquid solutions
  • C. Solid solutions

III. Gaseous Solutions

A. Solvent:

Gas.

B. Solute:

Can be gas, liquid, or solid.

C. Examples:

  • 1. Mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen (Haber's process)
  • 2. Mixture of ammonia and carbon dioxide (urea preparation)
  • 3. Fog, clouds, mist (liquid water in air)
  • 4. Smoke (carbon particles in air)

IV. Liquid Solutions

A. Examples:

  • 1. Carbonated drinks (gaseous CO₂ in liquid water)
  • 2. Rectified spirit (liquid in liquid)
  • 3. Vinegar (acetic acid in water)
  • 4. Brine (solid salt in water)
  • 5. Sugar syrup (solid sugar in water)

V. Solid Solutions

A. Examples:

  • 1. Hydrogen gas on nickel metal surface (used in ghee industry)
  • 2. Amalgam (metal dissolved in liquid mercury)
  • 3. Alloys (mixture of different metals)
  • a. Brass
  • b. Bronze
  • c. Steel

VI. Real-life Examples

  • A. Air: Gaseous solution (N₂ solvent; O₂, CO₂, trace gases as solutes)
  • B. Seawater: Liquid solution
  • C. Alloy: Solid solution

Aqueous Solutions

PlantUML Diagram

Aqueous Solutions

I. Aqueous Solutions

A. Definition

Solution formed by dissolving a substance in water.

B. Characteristics:

  • 1. Can contain dissolved solids, gases, or liquids
  • 2. Must be stable to be a true solution

C. Examples:

  • 1. Sugar in water
  • 2. Table salt in water

D. Water as a universal solvent

Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve many substances.

E. Common use:

Laboratories

Saturated Solution

PlantUML Diagram

Types of Solutions Based on Concentration

II. Types of Solutions Based on Concentration

A. Saturated Solution

  • 1. Definition: Contains maximum amount of solute at a given temperature
  • 2. Characteristics:
    • a. No more solute can dissolve
    • b. Undissolved solute in equilibrium with dissolved solute
    • c. Dynamic equilibrium established

B. Unsaturated Solution

  • 1. Definition: Contains less solute than required for saturation
  • 2. Characteristic: Can dissolve more solute

C. Supersaturated Solution

  • 1. Definition: Contains more solute than a saturated solution
  • 2. Characteristics:
    • a. Unstable
    • b. Prepared by cooling a saturated solution from high temperature
  • 3. Identification: Crystallization occurs when seed crystal is added

Solution Properties

PlantUML Diagram

Types of Solutions and Solubility

D. Concentrated and Dilute Solutions

  • 1. Dilute: Relatively small amount of dissolved solute
  • 2. Concentrated: Relatively large amount of dissolved solute
  • 3. Example: Brine (concentrated salt solution)

III. Solubility

  • A. Definition: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a specified amount of solvent at a specific temperature
  • B. Factors affecting solubility:
    • 1. Solvent used
    • 2. Temperature
    • 3. Pressure

IV. Effect of Temperature on Solubility

  • A. Increase in solubility with temperature (e.g., KCl, NH₄Cl)
  • B. Decrease in solubility with temperature (e.g., Ca(OH)₂)
  • C. No change in solubility with temperature (e.g., NaCl)

V. Activity: Demonstrating Types of Solutions

  • A. Unsaturated solution: Sugar dissolves in water
  • B. Saturated solution: Sugar stops dissolving at a certain point
  • C. Supersaturated solution: More sugar dissolves upon heating